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[Piano playing]

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[Female speaker] The weather in this area is very dynamic.

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[Male speaker] The way that pollution impacts extreme weather\hconditions is extremely complicated

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and we don't\hreally fully understand it, which is why we're\hout here in the first place.

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We're trying to\hinvestigate this in one of the most complex\h\h

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meteorological regimes in the world. That is\h
around the South China Sea and Western Pacific\h\h

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[Air crew communication over headset]

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[Aircraft engine sounds]

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The largest uncertainty that we have right now\hin climate forcing is the relationship of aerosol\hparticles on cloud systems.

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...and in Southeast\h
Asia, two of the biggest sources of pollution are\h\h

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pollution from various sorts of cities like\h
Metro Manila, 20 million people live\hthere.

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The other really important source\h
of pollution in this area is from biomass\hburning.

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[Female speaker] And what's really interesting\h
in this region is that we have both.\h\h

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We both have this anthropogenic pollution\h
as well as this biomass burning pollution.\h\h

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So this is really sort of ground central for\hweather observations and weather and climate\hmodeling for earth system science.

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[Air crew communications over headset]

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[Aircraft engine takeoff sounds and air crew communications]

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[instrumental music with sound of wind]

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[Female speaker] So in this region there's a monsoon season that\hhappens every year. We have this evaporative\h\h

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process of water vapor from the ocean and as\hthat water vapor cools and condenses as it\hgets lifted up you form clouds.

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After they turn\hinto clouds, processes happen inside the cloud to\h\hcollide the different cloud droplets together

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and\heventually make droplets that are big enough to\h\h

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rain out of the clouds, and that rain goes back\h
into the ocean and completes the water cycle.

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[instrumental music]

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[Male speaker] One of the long-standing hypotheses that have\h
been in the scientific community that pollution\h\h

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emissions, whether it's from cities, shipping, or\h
biomass burning, or deforestation, can affect the\h\h

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climate and in particular there's concern in\h
the scientific community that these emissions\hcan affect clouds.

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So in order for the cloud\h
to actually be formed for water to be able to\h\h

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condense it needs something to condense onto. So\h
we call those cloud nuclei and those cloud nuclei\h\h

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basically can be sea salt. It can be particles\hfrom trees or from dust. Or it can be particles coming\hfrom human pollution.

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[Female speaker] So the other particles\h
that water can condense around are aerosols and\h\h

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these can be in the form of anthropogenic, human-made aerosols, or biomass burning,\h\h

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which can also be induced by human activity, from farmers burning their fields, but also\hnatural sources such as fires.

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If you bring more\h
particles to the environment you get more cloud\hdroplets.

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That changes the distribution of cloud\h
droplets, that changes precipitation processes.

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[instrumental music and wind sound]

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[Female speaker] So aerosol and cloud interactions have been\h
studied for a decent amount of time now\h\h

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and what's really important with the aerosol\hand cloud interactions is that the more\h\h

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aerosols that you have interacting with clouds\h
increases the number of cloud droplets.

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So if there's a lot of really small droplets compared\h
to a few bigger droplets we think it's actually\h\h

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harder for the clouds to make rain. [Female speaker] But it can\h
also change the reflectivity of the cloud\h\h

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or albedo, which then in turn looks at a bigger\h
picture of changing the heat balance within\h\h

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the local area near the Philippines\h
and the tropics, and then in the grand picture\hacross the globe.

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Yeah it's a really complicated balance when you add\h\h

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particles to a cloud to understand how that\h
actually affects the climate system as a whole.

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[instrumental music and thunder]

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[Male speaker] There have been many studies in the region that\h
have linked the presence of pollution and smoke\h\h

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particles to more severe weather. In particular\hlightning activity has been shown to

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increase in regions under the influence of pollutants.\h

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So understanding as we add more particles to\h\h

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the atmosphere how that changes the properties of\h
the clouds, how that changes the properties of the\h\h

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storm systems and how that changes the extreme\h
weather that results from those storm systems is\h\h

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really important as one of the things that we're\h
really trying to get at with this field campaign.

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[instrumental music and wind]

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[Male speaker] The waters around Southeast Asia can at times\h
exhibit some of the cleanest atmospheres on the\h\h

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planet. But at the same time, throughout Southeast\h
Asia, you have mega cities such as Metro Manila,\h\h

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Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, and Singapore that all emit\h
aerosol particles into the region.

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[Female Speaker] Metro Manila is one of the biggest, largest, fastest-growing mega\hcity in the region.

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That means therefore that\hthere's a lot of development that emits pollution\h

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and one of those is transport.

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These aerosols are different from what we find naturally in\h
pristine areas and this difference has important\h\h

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implications on clouds and precipitation formation\h
in this area.

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[Second male speaker] The monsoonal flows of Southeast Asia bring all of these pollutants

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together\hup the South China Sea into the Philippines\hand to the Western Pacific.

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So therefore during this\h
season there are a lot of interactions that can\h\h

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happen with the pollution and the meteorological logical\h
conditions.

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And one of the primary reasons why the\h\h

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CAMP2Ex mission is centered here in the Philippines\h
is that we can see this transition from very\h\h

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polluted environments to the south to the much\h
cleaner environments of the western Pacific.\h\h

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[instrumental music]

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[Male speaker] So at least in the Philippines it is very important\h
because we are often affected by a lot of extreme\h\h

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weather events and by extreme weather that can\h
mean sometimes no rain or very intense rain and that\h\h

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affects our water resources for agriculture,\h
for our daily living, for taking a bath. So all of these\h\h

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basic activities are very reliant on having these\h
resources.

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One of the hypotheses that started the\h\h

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whole CAMP2Ex mission was that farmers in Mindanao\h
had noticed that the droughts have been longer\h\h

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but when rain does come it becomes more severe.\h
One of the science objectives of this mission\h\h

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is to investigate, are aerosol particles a part\h
of the cause of that?

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So the measurements therefore\h\h

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from this field campaign will input into how we\h
are running our models. For now models that are\h\h

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run for weather forecasting over Metro Manila\h
or for other places in the Philippines for that\h\h

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matter, do not take into account pollution.

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It's\hvery important to study the interactions between\hmeteorology and pollution because we rely\hon it so much.

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This campaign is the first step towards incorporating measurements and\hobservations into our model and try to see whether\h\h

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these aerosol particles are significantly, or are\h
going to significantly, impact rainfall formation.

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[undeciphered talking with music]

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[Female speaker\} So what's really interesting about CAMP2Ex is\hthis region of the world is really hard to\h\h

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study just using remote sensing or satellites. \h

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[Male speaker] You\hhave thunderstorms forming over the mountains.

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You have tropical cyclones or other tropical\h
activity forming over the western Pacific.\h\h

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You have monsoonal flows and thunderstorms\h
over the South China Sea. All of that clouds\h\h

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our ability to see what's actually going on in\h
the lower to middle atmosphere.

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So in order to\hunderstand how these pollution changes are\h
changing the clouds we have to actually fly\h\h

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below the satellites and below the high cirrus\h
clouds and look down from the plane and take the\h\h

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plane into various clouds to understand how these\h
processes are changing.

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[Second male speaker] So we can have both points\hof view. We can actually see what the satellite\his seeing

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and then we can combine that with\hwhat the aircraft is seeing directly underneath\hthe satellite track.

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[Female Speaker] The importance of CAMP2Ex is for us to study those aerosols and clouds that\hthe satellites can't see and from

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what we find here we're going to be able to validate against\h
the satellite retrievals that we are capturing.

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[music and low talking]

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[music]

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[Male speaker] Weather forecasting provided is conducted in\h
different time periods. So we have long-range\h\h

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forecasts that we provide for three days,\h
approximately three days out, or 72 hours.\h\h

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Then we try to provide what we consider a short-term\h
forecast out to about 24 hours. And at the day\hof the flight

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we do an update, and the reason for\hall this is that the weather in and around the\hPhilippines is very, very difficult to forecast.

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[music]

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\h
[Female speaker] When we have a flight day typically we wake up\h\h

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around 1 a.m. and we make sure that the conditions\h
are looking good for us to complete our mission.\h\h

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If there's bad weather in the region we\h
might consider delaying takeoff or not flying at\hall.

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[Male speaker] If the weather is not appropriate for us to\h
take off in, if the weather it's not going to be\h\h

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appropriate for us to land in, or if the weather\h
where we want a sample isn't what we're looking\h\h

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for that day, we can choose to cancel the flight\hthat morning.

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It's important to get the right\hconditions for the aircraft to fly in so they\hcan optimize their sampling strategies.\h\h

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Generally we've been giving the go-ahead. But\hoccasionally we have had circumstances where\h\h

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it just was obvious that we weren't going to be\h
able to meet our flight objectives and we could\h\h

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send everybody back to bed. But by 2:30 in the\h
morning we have to give a go/no-go decision to\h\h

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the entire science team to hop into the bus and
come to the airfield and get the airplane going.

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[music and aircraft engine sounds]

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[Male speaker] The power comes on in the plane three hours\h
before we take off and certain instruments\h\h

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have to be in there three hours before\h
takeoff to get their instruments calibrated,\h\h

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get their instruments set up ready to\h
go. You know it takes them three\h\h

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whole hours just to make sure that the flying\h
laboratory has all of its instruments working.

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[music, low talking, and aircraft engine sounds]

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[Male speaker] So to pre-flight the aircraft we want to\h
get a good look at the entire aircraft from\h\h

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top to bottom to make sure it's ready to\h
go and ready to fly safely for everybody\h\h

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that's gonna be on board. So we'll look up in\h
all the flap wells, we'll look at the landing\h\h

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gear we'll check the brakes, we'll check the\h
lights, we check the props for any leakage or\h\h

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for any for chips, or any damage of any kind. We\h
look over the fuselage as a whole. We look for\h\h

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missing pieces, we look for anything cracked, or\h
anything that's going to be unsafe in general.\h\h

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At that time I'm in the operations room talking\h
with the pilots and the flight scientist going\h\h

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over what our mission is today what we're gonna\hsample.

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[Male speaker] And we have to tell the pilots this is\hthe weather you want to be flying into today.\h\h

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And this is what you need to be aware of when\hthey're actually flying the plane today. \h

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[Second male speaker] Doors close\hat about 5:15 in the morning and the plane is in\hthe air by 6:00 a.m.

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[Air Traffic Control] Your takeoff checklist\h
is complete. You're cleared to line up\hand wait. Runway 2.

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[P-3 Air Crew] Up and wait. Copy. 10-77. Brakes coming off.

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[music and aircraft engine sounds]

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[Female speaker] So after the plane takes off I monitor\h
the status of the aircraft, the location, making\h\h

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sure everything is working between ground\h
control and operations on the flight.\h\h

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The plane stays in the air anywhere from eight to\h
nine hours returning at about three o'clock in\hthe afternoon.

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And nine hour flights are quite\h
long but because we're out there for so long we\h\h

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can get so many good samples on different clouds\h
and it allows us to really examine the evolution of\h\h

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clouds throughout a day even with nine hour\hflights.

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[Female speaker] We'll also send up satellite imagery to the flight scientists so they can know where\hthey want to study.\h

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They might want to deviate off the course that we planned for them\hto sample different types of clouds or aerosols.

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[music]

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[Male speaker] So we have two aircraft in the region. We have the\hP-3 and then we also have the SPEC incorporated\hLear 35.

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[Second male speaker] So the Learjet is basically here to\h
support the NASA P-3 aircraft, while the NASA\h\h

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P-3 aircraft has a unique set of remote sensors\h
onboard. They fly above the clouds or below the\h\h

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clouds, while we fly in the clouds and get\h
the measurements in the clouds knowing how\h\h

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many droplets there are, how many ice crystals there are,\hhow much water is in\h\h

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the clouds. And this is then compared to the\h
remote sensors -- the radars, the lidars, microwave\h\h

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radiometers -- so that we can interpret the\h
data from in the cloud where we get the\h\h

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real data with the remote sensor data and\h
then understand really what is happening\h\h

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in the cloud and also being able to then\h
understand what the satellites are measuring.

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[music and aircraft engine sounds]

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[Female speaker] So after the plane lands our work isn't over. We\hhave a meeting with the pilots and the flight\h\h

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scientists to see how our mission went and how\h
we need to adapt or change what we did for the\hfuture flights.

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[Male speaker] For the instrument teams there\h
after a flight, they work on shutting down their\h\h

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instruments properly, making sure it's ready for\h
the next flight, and downloading their data.\h\h

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For some of these instruments it's quite a lot of\h
data that's produced on a single flight, it's hard\hdrives\h

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worth of data produced on a single flight,\h
and downloading that data can take quite a long\htime.

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[Second male speaker] While the plane is in the air we're already\h
planning the next flight the following day or the\h\h

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subsequent days. So when the\h
plane is in the air at 9:30 in the morning we\h\h

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have another weather brief and we start the\h
flight planning process for the next day.\h\h

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As soon as the pilots land we give them the plan for\h
the very next flight, and they file that and the\h\h

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whole process starts all over again at about 1:00\hin the morning.

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Oh man, in total we're at\hthe airport for about 14 hours every single\hday, and awake for 16, it's a long\hday.

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Everyone is holding it together amazingly\hwell.

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[Female speaker] It gets exhausting fast but it's rewarding.

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[music]

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[Male speaker] I work for the ESPO office which is\h
the Earth Science Project Office (ESPO) and we\h\h

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focus on managing and organizing\h
field campaigns around the world.

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Because we start from the\h
ground up with all these projects, all these\h\h

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campaigns, we make connections with the\h
local authorities to provide the services\h\h

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for the campaign. So ESPO tends to be the\h
center of the organization of the campaign.

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So our job during the field campaign is to make\hsure that the infrastructure is there and then\h\h

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it's continually providing the support\h
for the field campaign for the scientists doing\h\h

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the observations. That means that we have to make sure that there's\h\h

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enough infrastructure to support deploying\h an aircraft in this far away place.

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[music]

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[Male speaker] Campaigns like this are very difficult because\hthey involve different cultures, different time\h\h

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zones. Day time here is night time back\h
home, so people are away from their families. It's\h\h

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stressful but everybody is handling it really, really\h
well and it's been a great, successful campaigns\hso far.

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[music]

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[Male speaker] Here no day has been the same. Every day has been\hdifferent.

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So the exciting aspect of fieldwork\his that you actually get to see how the data is\hcollected. You're not just sitting at a\h\h

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computer back, at least for me, in Illinois and you\h
know...I don't know how this data was collected.\h

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Some days I'm sitting on a plane dropping dropsondes out of the back of the plane. Some days\h\h

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we're working on the dropsonde system. Every\h
day is just so different here than what it is at home.

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[music]

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[Male speaker] Field campaigns are important for students, not\h
just because they can see where data comes from\h\h

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but they're gonna create friendships that will\h
last them the rest of their lives.

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If any graduate student or scientist has the opportunity to\hdo fieldwork, I highly recommend it.\h

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Being in the field has been an incredible experience. As\h
a graduate student I have learned so much from\h\h

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so many different people it's been an incredible\hexperience.

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[Male speaker] We were actually very surprised because\ha lot of the scientists were giving us praise and\hwere admiring us,

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telling us that we're doing\hgood work and hearing this from the people\hthat you admire, the people you read on papers\h\h

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the "greats", so to speak, in this field and\h
then just to hear that from them it's really\h\h